UPSC Current Affairs Pointers - September 2026

Every Monday , we bring you UPSC Current Affairs Pointers —a concise, exam-focused guide to help you stay ahead in your Prelims and Mains preparation. If you missed the UPSC Current Affairs Pointers of the past week | September 7 to 13, 2026, read it here. ( FYI: The data provided in these reports can be used to substantiate your Mains answer and create a broad understanding of the topic.) — On September 16, NITI Aayog released the India Electric Mobility Index (IEMI) 2025, which assesses the development of the e-mobility ecosystem and the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) on Indian roads. — IEMI is a composite Index, which assesses the policy framework and implementation outcomes for e-mobility at the state-level. It is a first-of-its kind index that offers a dynamic comparative analysis of the progress of road transport electrification across Indian states and union territories. — NITI Aayog developed the index in collaboration with WRI India. The index tracks 16 unique performance indicators under three thematic categories– Transport Electrification Progress (weightage of 50%) , Charging Infrastructure Readiness (30% weightage), and EV Research & Innovation Status (20% weightage)– that form the building blocks of the Indian e-mobility ecosystem. — According to the Electric Mobility Index 2025, the composite scores on performance across all 36 States and Union Territories (UTs) ranges from 10 to 84, and a median score of 40. — Delhi has topped Electric Mobility Index with the score of 84. It is followed by Maharashtra (score 78) and Karnataka (score 73), the only two of the 17 large states to feature among the top performers in EV implementation, according to the report. — The report also shows that Delhi , Chandigarh , and Maharashtra were the only UTs and states to qualify as top performers in transport electrification progress. Delhi also achieved the top score of 94 in the EV Research and Innovation Status (20% weightage) category. — In the Charging Infrastructure Readiness (30% weightage), Karnataka recorded the highest score nationwide at 97, closely followed by Goa (92) and Maharashtra (91). — Recently, the World Economic Forum (WEF) released its 2026 Global Gender Gap Report, the 20th edition, which covers 145 economies and analyses a longitudinal constant sample of 97 economies included in every edition since 2006. — It is an annual report which measures gender parity across four key dimensions: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment. — According to the index, globally, 69.2% of the gender gap has been closed, reflecting a slight 0.4% improvement from last year. — Iceland maintained its top rank globally for the 17th consecutive year, closing 93% of its gender gap. It is followed by Finland and Norway. Chad ranked lowest ( 145th ), joined by Pakistan and Iran in the bottom three. — India has retained its 131st rank out of 145 countries this year with 64.5% gender parity. This marks a 4.3% point improvement since the inaugural 2006 edition, the country still lags behind the global average of 69.2%. — The fifth edition of Semicon India 2026, India’s flagship semiconductor conference, held from September 17 to 19 on the theme ‘Silicon to Systems: Building the Ecosystem’ in New Delhi. — It brought together global and Indian companies, policymakers, investors, researchers, start-ups, and academic institutions from across the semiconductor and electronics value chain. —Notably, the conference took place two months after the Centre announced the second iteration of its Semiconductor Mission (Semicon 2.0) , with an outlay of Rs 1.27 lakh crore, and a particular focus on incentivising domestic chip design, and localising the broader supply chain of ancillary industries, such as equipment manufacturers, and producers of specialty gases and chemicals. — September 14 is observed as Hindi Diwas, or Hindi Day. It commemorates the Constituent Assembly of India making Hindi the official language of the Union government. — Notably, after years of debate, the Assembly on September 14, 1949, adopted the language compromise commonly known as the Munshi–Ayyangar formula . Rather than declaring a ‘national language’, it designated Hindi as the ‘official language of the Union’, while English would continue to be used ‘for all official purposes’ for 15 years after the commencement of the Constitution. — As part of the Munshi-Ayyangar formula, Article 343 of the Constitution as adopted in 1950 said: (a) “The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script.” (b) “The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals.” (c) “…for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, the English language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement.” — The Official Languages Act of 1963 later stated that English would continue to be upheld as an official language along with Hindi. World Hindi Day, also known as Vishwa Hindi Diwas, is celebrated on January 10 every year by Hindi enthusiasts worldwide. It aims to spread awareness about the Hindi language, promote its use on international platforms, and strengthen ties among Hindi-speaking communities worldwide. This year’s theme is “ Hindi: From Traditional Knowledge to Artificial Intelligence “. — In a role reversal of sorts, India is exporting Hilsa fish to Bangladesh , bucking the trend of the neighbour supplying the sought-after variety of fish that has the highest place of pride on Bengal’s dining tables. — Around 500 tonnes of Hilsa, known as Ilish in Bengali, have been sent to Bangladesh in the past two months through the Petrapole land port on the international border in West Bengal. — Traditionally, Hilsa is brought in from Bangladesh when its government allows its import, generally during the Durga Puja festive season. Currently, Bangladesh has paused Hilsa exports to India. — Hilsa is rich in nutrition and popular in West Bengal , where it is designated as the state fish . Mostly found in the Hooghly-Bhagirathi river system and in the Bay of Bengal, Hilsa is an anadromous fish — that is, it migrates from the ocean to rivers for spawning. — US President Donald Trump on September 18 signed into law the Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026, giving himself the authority to impose tariffs of up to 100% on countries , including India and China, that continue buying Russian oil and gas . — The law “authorizes and expands statutory sanctions, tariffs, and prohibitions on Russia and extends existing sanctions on Iran,” the White House said in a statement. The Act is named to honour a veteran Republican Senator and a Russia hawk who died in July. — The law’s double standards are evident. It aims to squeeze Russia’s energy revenues over the Ukraine war, yet it carves out US imports of low-enriched uranium (LEU) from Russia, a material crucial to America’s nuclear power industry. — The development is significant for India as it depends on imports to meet over 88% of its crude oil needs, and Russia currently accounts for nearly half of these. Uranium found in nature consists largely of two isotopes — U-235 and U-238. Natural uranium contains 0.7% of the U-235 isotope, while the remaining 99.3% is mostly the U-238 isotope, which does not contribute directly to the fission process. Energy production in nuclear reactors comes from the “fission”, or splitting, of U-235 atoms, which releases energy in the form of heat. Since natural uranium contains only 0.7% U-235, LWRs require uranium to be “enriched” — which means raising the concentration of U-235 relative to U-238 to sustain a fission chain reaction. — A UN fact-finding mission on Iran said on September 18 that there were reasonable grounds to believe the US government committed war crimes when it attacked a school and a sports centre at the beginning of its war. — In its report, the UN mission said it examined whether actions during the war “violated IHL (International Humanitarian Law) pursuant to the 1949 Geneva Conventions and customary international law.” — The Geneva Conventions are primarily applicable in cases involving international armed conflict. They also state that the Red Cross can offer its services during conflicts. — The Geneva Convention of 1949 was signed in the aftermath of the Second World War (1939-45) and has been ratified by 196 countries. It includes four separate conventions, such as those on the Treatment of Prisoners of War, and the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. — Among its most significant sections is an article that defines the concept of “grave breaches”, which include actions such as “wilful killing, torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments… not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly.” — These are war crimes, as defined under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 1998 as well. The court has jurisdiction in such cases. India summoned Pakistan’s Charge d’Affaires in New Delhi over “unacceptable and unprofessional conduct”, after a Pakistani ship collided with an Indian Navy vessel on September 15. India said the Pakistani vessel’s conduct was in “direct contravention” of Article 10 of the 1991 Agreement between India and Pakistan on Advance Notice on Military Exercises , Manoeuvres and Troops Movements. It lays down rules for the land, naval and air forces of both countries, saying that while major military exercises close to each other’s territories should be avoided, if they are to take place, they should follow certain regulations and the other party should be informed. — The chief ministers of six states on September 15 signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to pave the way for the long-pending 422 MW Kishau Multipurpose Project. — Himachal Pradesh Chief Minister Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu signed the MoU for the Rs 15,000-crore project with Uttarakhand CM Pushkar Singh Dhami , Uttar Pradesh CM Yogi Adityanath , Haryana CM Nayab Singh Saini, Rajasthan CM Bhajan Lal Sharma , and Delhi CM Rekha Gupta . Union Home Minister Amit Shah and Union Jal Shakti Minister CR Patil were present. — The Kishau Multipurpose Project is a proposed dam and hydropower project on the Tons River , a major tributary of the Yamuna , along the border shared by Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The project envisages a 232.6-metre-high concrete gravity dam that will generate 1,476 million units of clean hydropower. — The project site straddles Himachal Pradesh’s Sirmaur district and Uttarakhand’s Dehradun district. The project is intended to generate electricity, create irrigation potential of about 97,076 hectares, and provide drinking and industrial water to the beneficiary states, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. — Union Home Minister Amit Shah said on September 13 that the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) will be implemented in all 21 BJP-NDA ruled states before the 2029 Lok Sabha elections. — Article 44 of the Constitution says: “The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.” UCC is part of the Directive Principles of State Policy. Under Article 37, the Directive Principles are fundamental to governance but are not enforceable by any court. — Notably, marriage, divorce, adoption, wills, intestacy, succession and joint family matters fall under Entry 5 of the Concurrent List , giving both Parliament and state legislatures legislative competence. — The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (I&B) has notified new film certification guidelines for the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) earlier this week. These revised guidelines retain all the aspects of its detailed 1991 version, save for the addition of two new points. — One calls for a disclaimer or statutory warning in scenes depicting or involving the use, consumption or trafficking of narcotic drugs or other psychotropic substances. These scenes must now carry the warning ‘Illicit Narcotics Destroy Health and Guarantees Imprisonment, Say No to Drugs.’ — The other point pertains to the specification of new-age markers in line with the three new categories under the UA (Unrestricted Public Exhibition With Parental Guidance) certification, as notified in the Cinematograph Rules, 2024 — The latest guidelines state that if the Board thinks that it is necessary to caution the parents or the child’s guardian to consider as to whether their wards may be allowed to see such a film, the same shall be certified for unrestricted public exhibition with an endorsement to that effect. — The three categories are UA 7+, UA 13+, and UA 16+ — to mark content suitable for children in the age group of seven, 13 and 16, respectively. — The Department of Consumer Affairs has amended the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020 to strengthen “consumer protection while facilitating a transparent and balanced regulatory framework for the e-commerce sector”, according to a release by the Press Information Bureau (PIB). The new rules will come into force on January 1, 2027. — The amended rules say that whenever a price reduction is announced, platforms must display both the reduced price and the “prior price”. The prior price will mean the “lowest price at which the product or service was offered during the 30 days preceding the announcement.” — The amended rules prohibit e-commerce entities from manipulating search results in a way that misleads users or adversely affects the relevance of results to their search query. — Paid or sponsored listings will have to be identified through “clear and prominent disclosures.” E-commerce entities will have to comply with the Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns, 2023, conduct a self-audit every year and prominently display a certificate of compliance. What are Dark patterns? Dark patterns are design techniques that manipulate users into making choices they did not necessarily intend to make. The 2023 guidelines cover practices such as false urgency; basket sneaking; confirm shaming; forced action; subscription trap; interface interference; bait and switch; drip pricing; disguise advertisement; nagging; trick question; Saas billing; and rogue malwares. To learn more about these dark patterns, read our explainer here . — Marketplace platforms will have to provide important information to help consumers make informed decisions, including best-before/use-before dates, return and refund terms, warranty, delivery and payment details. — Marketplace e-commerce entities will not be allowed to use consumer information for specified purposes without the consumer’s “express and affirmative consent”. — The government on September 15 announced the merchant discount rate (MDR) regime for UPI transactions, exempting person-to-person payments from the levy irrespective of the transaction amount. The finalised MDR framework and threshold structure will be effective from October 15. — This means MDR will essentially be levied on payments to merchants, and that too, on transaction amounts of over Rs 2,000 at the rate of 0.4%, with a few exceptions like payments for essential services and capital market transactions. — Notably, MDR is a fee levied on merchants by banks to help meet costs related to processing of transactions, settlement and infrastructure. — The government asserted that the MDR is a charge “within the merchant payment ecosystem”, and not on customers making UPI payments. The government has advised banks to ensure that merchants do not pass MDR charges to customers. UPI application providers are “expressly prohibited from imposing platform fees or hidden charges”, the Finance Ministry said. — UPI will continue to remain “completely free for all person-to-person transactions, irrespective of the amount transferred”, NPCI said. — Small merchants, including street vendors, receiving up to Rs 1 lakh per month through UPI QR codes into their personal bank accounts will not be subjected to MDR charges. These small merchants are part of a special category — Person-to-Person-Merchant (P2PM). — UPI MDR is lower than traditional card-based transaction fees, which typically range from 1.5% to 2.5% per transaction; debit card MDRs are capped up to 0.90%. The baseline UPI MDR will be 0.4% on transactions above Rs 2,000, and capped at Rs 300 for high-value purchases. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) launched “Demat 2.0” — a pilot program to test the tokenisation of corporate bonds and quicker settlement using the central bank digital currency and blockchain technology. While “Demat 1.0”, launched in 1996, digitised shares that were held in paper form until then, the latest avatar combines tokenised securities with digital settlement assets using smart contracts and settles through the CBDC. The project also focuses on preserving the legal certainty around ownership even as the market experiments with new technology and infrastructure. — A government bond is a document where a government acknowledges that it is taking a loan from someone and details how much it will pay back and by when. It borrows to meet the gap between what it spends (on everything from defence to subsidies) and what it earns (from levying taxes). — The yield on a government bond refers to the interest rate that a government has to pay. Rising yield on bonds means that the government will have to shell out more money as interest payment. — Government bonds — called by different names across countries, such as Treasuries in the US, Gilts in the UK, Bunds in Germany, and G-Secs in India — have a simple structure. — A bond is essentially a formal I-O-U (or I owe you) between the government issuing the bond and the entity lending the money. The government states the money it is borrowing — say $100 — the period for which it is borrowing — say 10 years — and the additional money that the government will pay to the lender each year over and above the $100 at the end of the tenure. — This additional money is called the coupon and, crucially, it is an absolute amount — say $10. In other words, instead of saying that the government will pay 10% interest each year, the government says it will pay $10. — This distinction matters because government bonds are tradable. A person can lend the money to the government, get the bond in return, and then sell the bond in the open market — the proverbial bond market. It is when the bonds start trading that bond yields come into the picture. — Notably, just as yields go down when bond prices rise, yields go up when bond prices fall. Bond prices fall when no one wants to hold them or buy new bonds because they are not sure if the government issuing the bond will be able to honour the promise. The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has made ‘OneTag’, a FASTag portability service , operational on the Rajmargyatra app. The new service allows highway users to change their issuer bank without replacing the FASTag sticker on their vehicle. Users earlier had to purchase a new FASTag to change their issuer bank and remove the existing tag from their vehicle. The new system will work along the lines of mobile number portability, where users need not change their SIM card to switch to another telecom service provider. — After staunch opposition to plurilateral pacts at the World Trade Organisation’s (WTO’s) 14th Ministerial Conference in Cameroon earlier this year, India offered its proposal on WTO reforms which could help insert plurilateral agreements within the WTO framework, the country’s submission to the body’s General Council on Wednesday showed. — Plurilateral trade agreements are negotiated and implemented by exclusive WTO groups rather than by all members. — Notably, earlier India had blocked the insertion of China-backed Investment Facilitation for Development (IFD) plurilateral pact into the WTO rulebook. Under its rules, a plurilateral agreement can be included into the family of agreements “exclusively by consensus”. The IFD initiative, launched by the WTO in 2017, aims to enhance foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw on September 15 flagged off India’s first salt container train, which will run between Shivlakha in Gujarat’s Kutch and Mithapur in the state , using a special stainless steel container to transport this essential kitchen staple. — The United States on September 15 said it had active weapons deployed in space, the first such public admission by any country, sparking a fresh debate. The US did not reveal the nature of weapons deployed, or when they were deployed. — The military use of outer space covers a wide variety of capabilities: the ability to launch a missile from Earth to destroy enemy satellites or other space-based assets, the ability to send weapons from space to destroy ground-based targets, or the use of space-based weapons to target space-based assets. It is not clear which of these categories the US’s newly-acknowledged weapons fall into. — The most open demonstrations of such capabilities have been the anti-satellite tests, in which countries send a missile to destroy a satellite in space. Four countries — the US, Russia, China and India — have demonstrated this. — Notably, there is no international law that explicitly prohibits the deployment or use of such weapons or tactics in space. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967, an old but still the most relevant international law on this subject, bars countries from carrying or placing nuclear weapons or “other kinds of weapons of mass destruction” in space, but it is silent on conventional weapons, or those that target physical infrastructure in space. It does not say anything about earth-to-space weapons, the development of which was still some distance away in the 1960s. FSSAI recalls coriander powder and Carrageenan over safety concerns The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has issued recall orders to two Food Business Operators (FBOs) following lab testing and evaluations that found adulterated coriander powder, and carrageenan — which was “found not satisfactory with respect to Cadmium.” Carrageenan is nature’s thickening agent, derived from red seaweed, and used by food companies to make things like ice cream, flavoured milk, and paneer substitutes. — Scientists at the Quantum Information and Computing (QuIC) laboratory at Raman Research Institute in Bengaluru have demonstrated a novel way to increase the stability of the quantum states that enable computation in a quantum computer that can potentially improve the reliability and integrity of these calculations. — Unlike traditional computers that encode electric states into 0s and 1s to store and process information, quantum computers make use of the very unique, but counter-intuitive, properties of the quantum world to carry out calculations. — Some of these special properties happen to be “quantum entanglement” and “superposition.” Scientists have used these to build powerful quantum computers which can perform certain very complex computations in an efficient manner. — Superposition is the ability of quantum particles to exist in multiple states at the same time — to build powerful quantum computers which can perform certain very complex computations in an efficient manner — Quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits (the basic unit of information in quantum computing, acting as the quantum equivalent of a traditional computer bit), which process information very differently. While classical bits always represent either one or zero, a qubit can be in a superposition of one and zero simultaneously until its state is measured. — The quantum states that give superpowers to these computers are themselves very fragile and ephemeral. The entangled state, for example, disintegrates very quickly on interaction with the external environment, a phenomenon known as decoherence . Sometimes, entanglement vanishes abruptly, too, even before the normal disintegration takes place. Scientists call this condition “entanglement sudden death .” — Raman Research Institute scientists found that a single, well-timed operation, not repeated fixes, can delay or prevent quantum entanglement from collapsing in this context. Timing itself becomes a new control tool, offering a simpler way to protect fragile quantum states used in computing, alongside existing error- correction methods. — For the first time, planetary scientists have confirmed the existence of a hidden impact crater on the lunar surface using mineralogical data obtained from Chandrayaan -1 and it could predate the oldest known impact craters on the moon. — A team of researchers from the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, have identified the Australe Basin , which had remained untraced as this ancient basin had suffered erosion along its rims making it extremely difficult even for modern-day imaging techniques to detect. — PRL scientists are also of the opinion that this basin could well be older than and largest and the oldest known South Pole Aitken Basin (formed over 4 billion years ago) on the Moon. — Impact basins are formed over the lunar surface due to various violent space activities, like asteroid or meteorite hits. These are large craters, often several hundreds of kilometres in diameters, and can have distinct outer rims. Due to the space hits, these craters are often found with remnants of volcanic activities. — The Indian and US armies have begun their annual bilateral military exercise to improve their ability to conduct joint operations in difficult terrain, focusing on Integrated Battle Groups, infantry operations, drones, autonomous systems, and long-range precision fires. — The 22nd edition of Yudh Abhyas is underway at the Auli Foreign Training Node in Uttarakhand and the Mahajan Field Firing Range in Rajasthan’s Bikaner . — In a statement, the Ministry of Defence said the exercise aims to enhance both armies’ joint military capability to employ Integrated Battle Groups (IBGs) in mountainous and semi-mountainous terrain, with an emphasis on infantry-dominated operations. — The Himalayan monal, the state bird of Uttarakhand , is a striking landfowl found across the Himalayan mountains, including in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim. — While the ground-dwelling bird is not endangered, two studies carried out by researchers at Hemvathi Bahuguna Garhwal University (HBGU) have flagged key threats to it. — One study examines how climate change could alter its habitat in the coming decades. The other has found that the bird is changing its calls because tourism and traffic are making its surroundings noisier. This could have implications for its success in mating, though the researchers have not established this. — For the monal, calls are important for communication, including reproduction and social behaviour. The researchers worry that increasing human noise could make such communication more difficult. — The Himalayan Monal is often seen digging through leaf litter or soft soil with its powerful beak in search of roots, tubers, seeds, insects, and grubs. It is listed as Least Concerned on the IUCN Red List. — The report, ‘A resilient Himalaya: protecting a region at risk and securing future prosperity,’ has identified black carbon—soot produced by incomplete combustion—as a polluter that is causing damage and which India can control faster. — “Recent modelling attributes about one-third of glacier mass loss in the Himalayas to South Asian black carbon. Industry, primarily brick kilns, contributes 32-42% of South Asian anthropogenic deposition across the region. Cutting kiln emissions therefore tackles local air pollution and glacier melt through the same plume,” the report states. — Black carbon, sometimes known as soot, is a component of fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5). It is created from incomplete combustion of wood, trash, and fossil fuels, which also produces carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds. — Because of its high light absorption capacity, black carbon heats the atmosphere. It accelerates warming of the air and surfaces in the areas where it is concentrated, causing changes in weather patterns and ecosystem cycles. — Black carbon remains in the atmosphere for only a few days or weeks, but it has a large direct and indirect impact on the climate, snow and ice, agriculture, and human health. — The report proposes a targeted fund to modernise brickmaking, upgrade viable kilns, retire the worst-performing ones and reduce demand for fired bricks. — Dola Banerjee first raised the Indian recurve flag high in Dubai at an Archery World Cup Final in 2007. Dhiraj Bommadevara has emulated her in Mexico, 19 years later. — The Vijaywada archer pipped Japan’s Junya Nakanishi 10-9 in the shoot-off after a 5-5 tie in the final at Saltillo. Bommadevara thus is the first Indian male recurve archer to win a World Cup Final title. — Kannada cinema legend Anant Nag has been named the recipient of the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for 2024. — India’s highest honour in the field of cinema, Anant Nag will be presented with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award at the National Film Awards ceremony, scheduled to be held in Kevadia, Gujarat, on September 22. — The 78-year-old actor, who received the Padma Bhushan last year, has had a career spanning more than five decades. In this time, Nag has acted in at least 300 films across Kannada, Hindi and other South Indian languages, and was also active in theatre. — Nag will be the second Kannada artist to receive the Dadasaheb Phalke Award after Dr Rajkumar, and the seventh Indian to receive both the Padma Bhushan and Dadasaheb Phalke Award. ( Just FYI: Noting historical personalities’ anniversaries aids UPSC prep. UPSC often includes such personalities in questions, so revisiting their lives refreshes your static syllabus.) — Senior IPS officer Sanjukta Parashar, also known as the “Iron Lady of Assam” for her counter-insurgency work in the Northeast, has taken charge as Inspector General of the Central Reserve Police Force’s elite CoBRA unit, becoming the first woman officer to head the specialised jungle-warfare force. — Parashar, a 2006-batch IPS officer of the Assam-Meghalaya cadre, brings to the post extensive experience in counter-insurgency operations, field policing and national security investigations. — Parashar succeeds 1996-batch IPS officer Danesh Rana as the IG, CoBRA. “This is the first time that the 10-battalion-strong CoBRA of the CRPF will be headed by a woman officer,” a senior officer said. CoBRA, or Commando Battalion for Resolute Action, is one of CRPF’s most specialised operational formations. Raised for high-risk missions in jungle and guerrilla warfare environments, the force is trained for long-range patrols, intelligence-based operations, ambushes, counter-ambushes and operations in areas where improvised explosive devices pose a major threat. ( Note : The best way to remember facts for UPSC and other competitive exams is to recall them through MCQs. Try to solve the following questions on your own.) (1) Recently, the term “haircut” was in the news. Consider the following statements: 1. The term haircut is defined under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) framework. 2. It refers to the reduction in the value of an asset that has been used as collateral to protect a lender from potential losses. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (2) Which of the following is a most likely consequence of implementing the ‘Unified Payments Interface (UPI)’? (UPSC CSE, 2017) (a) Mobile wallets will not be necessary for online payments. (b) Digital currency will totally replace the physical currency in about two decades. (c) FDI inflows will drastically increase. (d) Direct transfer of subsidies to poor people will become very effective. (3) Which of the following gives ‘Global Gender Gap Index’ ranking to the countries of the world? (UPSC CSE 2017) (a) World Economic Forum (b) UN Human Rights Council (c) UN Women (d) World Health Organization Answer Key 1. (b) 2. (a) 3.(a) For your suggestions and feedback, write to Roshni.Yadav@ indianexpress.com 🚨 As we mark the 3rd anniversary of the UPSC Essentials Magazine , we thank our readers for being part of this journey. Your trust, feedback and continued support have shaped the magazine and encouraged us to keep improving with every edition. Click here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for September 2026 . 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